(p) Employee benefits
Pension obligations: the Company operates various pension schemes that are generally funded through payments determined by periodic actuarial calculations to insurance companies or are defined as multi-employer plans. The Company has both defined benefit and defined contribution plans:
- A defined benefit plan is a pension plan that defines an amount of pension benefit that an employee will receive on retirement, usually dependent on one or more factors such as age, years of service and compensation.
- A defined contribution plan is a pension plan under which the Company pays fixed contributions to public or private pension insurance plans on a mandatory, contractual or voluntary basis. The Company has no legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions if the fund does not hold sufficient assets to pay all employees the benefits relating to employee service in the current and prior periods. The contributions to defined contribution plans and multi-employer plans are recognized as an expense in the income statement as incurred.
The liability recognized in the statement of financial position in respect of defined benefit pension plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the statement of financial position date, less the fair value of the plan assets, together with adjustments for unrecognized actuarial gains and losses and past service costs. The defined benefit obligation is calculated periodically by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using interest rates on high-quality corporate bonds that have maturity dates approximating to the terms of the Company’s obligations.
The expense recognized within the EBIT comprises the current service cost and the effects of any change, reduction or winding up of the plan. The accretion impact on actuarial debt and interest income on plan assets are recognized under the net financing cost.
Cumulative actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized immediately in comprehensive income.
Share-based payments: within the Company there are four types of share-based payment plans that qualify as equity settled:
- Restricted Share Unit (RSU);
- Short-term Incentive Program of Bonus Shares and Matching Shares;
- Value Creation Stake (VCS); and
- Ownership Shares.
The estimated total amount to be expensed over the vesting period related to share-based payments is determined by (i) reference to the fair value of the instruments determined at the grant date, and (ii) non-market vesting conditions included in assumptions about the number of shares that the employee will ultimately receive. Main assumptions for estimates are revised at statement of financial position date. Total cost for the period is charged or credited to the income statement, with a corresponding adjustment to equity.
When equity instruments vest, the Company issues new shares, unless the Company has Treasury shares in stock.
Any cancellation of matching shares will lead to an accelerated expense recognition of the total fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to equity.